Fraud is Multifaceted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Extortion is Multifaceted - Essay Example The unscrupulous practices among American business administrators are unavoidable (Lane and Simpson in Lane and DiStefano, 1988) and uncontrolled in the creating nations as a result of their free enterprise conduct (Magnis-Suseno, 2000) and in America too in light of the fact that Americans can be purchased thus effectively sold (Choate, 1990). Among these administrators, â€Å"your contenders utilize pay-offs and except if you are happy to satisfy this guideline of serious practice, you will lose business† (Lane and Simpson in Lane and DiStefano, 1988, 236). On page 237 they expressed, â€Å"Bribery builds a product’s costs and regularly is utilized to make sure about import licenses for items that no longer can be sold in the created world. Such defiling rehearses additionally add to the ethical deterioration of people and in the end the societies† (Ibid). Lamentably, from the outside glancing in, the fault is on government however time after time, individuals see the bar on their brothers’ eyes more while the square in their eyes they can't expel. Or on the other hand like the spoiled egg, the smell would in the end develop. They are pointing at government authorities of the creating nations or they are being guaranteed as the degenerate and pay off society (Lane and Simpson in Lane and DiStefano, 1988). Lahmeyer International counseling bunch was suspended by the World Bank for paying off the Nigeria serve who was indicted on a charge of extortion. While the clergyman was charged by the state as misrepresentation, in the mid 1990s, in excess of 100 Americans ex-bureaucratic workers including legislators and Congressmen were additionally accused of extortion and pay off of the US government.

Free Essays on Anne Frank

Anne Frank Anne Frank was conceived in Germany not long before WWII. She was a youthful Jewish young lady who concealed away for a long time in an upper room in Amsterdam during the Holocaust. Her story is acclaimed in light of the fact that her journal recounts to an anecdote about her family during WWII. Anne Frank had a normal adolescence. She was conceived on June 12, 1926 into a caring group of four, her dad Otto, mother Edith, and sister Margot. Anne went to the Montessori School and had numerous companions as a kid. Much the same as some other youngster, Anne had numerous deepest desires for what's to come. She longed for one day turning into a famous actor or a creator. Anne Frank had a youth simply like most offspring of her time. As Anne got more seasoned, Germany started to get dangerous for Jewish individuals. Anne and her family had to move from their home in Germany to Amsterdam where things were a lot more secure. At her new home, Anne went to a school for Jewish kids in particular, which was altogether different from her outdated. Starting there on in her life things in Amsterdam started changing for the more terrible. Unique in relation to the greater part of her youth, Anne’s high school years were not wonderful. At thirteen years old she and her family, alongside six different Jews, had to shroud away in a storage room away from Nazi control. For two long years Anne kept a journal, which she called â€Å"Kitty†. In her journal she expounded on her life secluded from everything. She advised about her family’s battle to remain calm during the day with the goal that they would not be heard. Concealing ceaselessly in the loft for a long time was very hard for Anne, now and again she even felt like she needed to head outside and go around. Following two years of concealing endlessly, Anne and the others that stowed away in the upper room with her were found and taken into Nazi guideline. After being gotten Anne, presently fifteen and her sister Margot were isolated from the remainder of the gathering. Anne and Margot had to accomplish work with little food and cruel treatment in numerous death camps. Whi... Free Essays on Anne Frank Free Essays on Anne Frank Anne Frank Anne Frank was conceived in Germany not long before WWII. She was a youthful Jewish young lady who concealed away for a long time in an upper room in Amsterdam during the Holocaust. Her story is renowned on the grounds that her journal recounts to an anecdote about her family during WWII. Anne Frank had a standard adolescence. She was conceived on June 12, 1926 into a caring group of four, her dad Otto, mother Edith, and sister Margot. Anne went to the Montessori School and had numerous companions as a youngster. Much the same as some other youngster, Anne had numerous deepest desires for what's to come. She longed for one day turning into a famous actor or a creator. Anne Frank had a youth simply like most offspring of her time. As Anne got more seasoned, Germany started to get perilous for Jewish individuals. Anne and her family had to move from their home in Germany to Amsterdam where things were a lot more secure. At her new home, Anne went to a school for Jewish youngsters in particular, which was altogether different from her outdated. Starting there on in her life things in Amsterdam started changing for the more regrettable. Not the same as the majority of her youth, Anne’s young years were not lovely. At thirteen years old she and her family, alongside six different Jews, had to conceal away in an upper room away from Nazi control. For two long years Anne kept a journal, which she called â€Å"Kitty†. In her journal she expounded on her life sequestered from everything. She advised about her family’s battle to remain calm during the day with the goal that they would not be heard. Concealing ceaselessly in the upper room for a long time was very hard for Anne, on occasion she even felt like she needed to head outside and go around. Following two years of concealing ceaselessly, Anne and the others that stowed away in the storage room with her were found and taken into Nazi guideline. After being gotten Anne, presently fifteen and her sister Margot were isolated from the remainder of the gathering. Anne and Margot had to accomplish work with little food and brutal treatment in numerous death camps. Whi...

Out, Damned (Gravy) Spot! Richmond Writing

Out, Damned (Gravy) Spot! Richmond Writing Image courtesy of Make your Own Bar-B-Q Sign Imagine an orator making a speech after a formal dinner, and imagine the speaker doing so very well. In the end, however, a large segment of the audience never recalls the content because of the large gravy spot on the speakers tie or blouse. The speaker lost the audience. So what are the sorts of small errors that make otherwise sympathetic readers stop reading? A general list may be nigh impossible, but I will take a stab at what most perturbs academic readers of student prose. In doing so, I wont focus on the fatal flaws of novice writing: sweeping generalizations, sentence fragments, lack of support for claims. Confused words. One does not hear the difference, in speech, between the homonyms here and hear, but in writing, such gaffs make the writer look unprofessional, if not ignorant. See our Centers list of Commonly Confused Words. Overstatement. One study or source does not conclusive proof make, even if it is a valid source or study. Academics expect an abundance of supporting evidence, including admissions as to where more study may be needed or the limitations of a source. One might write the 2011 study only considered effects on male college students at private universities as a way to present such data. Names.  Student writers often use both first and last names for sources. It may be appropriate to cite a full name on first reference or for clarity when, say, two Smiths have been cited. But in most cases, in-text sources need only a last-name reference. A graver (gravier?) spot is to misspell the name of a source. I once had a reader of an article stop on page one when I did this, back in grad school. He said after that I did not trust your prose any longer. Ouch. Format errors. APA, MLA, Chicago, and similar are not systems of fiendish torture. Writers use them to get work into a format needed for a particular journal or conference proceeding. I frequently see errors with a misplaced parenthesis, italics and double quotations both used for titles of sources, and the like. A first cousin of this problem can be adding blank lines between paragraphs, odd indents, and other mechanical gaffs. When in doubtask the prof! These spots come to mind right away. Got more? Let me know in the comments section.

Personal Statement Critical Synthesis Paper - 1487 Words

Professor Whitney Fritz Principles of Management / MHR 4420 11 May 2015 Critical Synthesis Paper Today’s managers have a lot of tasks on their plate, even more so than managers of the past due to stricter rules and regulations imposed by the Federal Government, as well as the arduous amount of paperwork involved with documenting employees work habits and interactions be they good or bad. Ad on top of all this the need for annual or quarterly performance appraisals and daily supervision, it can make a manager feel overwhelmed, especially if they have employees who don’t seem to be overly motivated to do their jobs, or do them adequately. With this in mind, it is important to understand the motivational theories that make employees want to excel, management theories that we can use to better guide our employees, and their effect on leadership styles today. It is also important as well to understand how they relate to our personal lives, career enhancement opportunities, and ultimately and most importantly, our relationship with God. Motivational Theories are impo rtant to management today because employers and managers need to know what drives the employees to perform at their best, and why. As Hersey explains, â€Å"If we are to understand, predict, and influence behavior, we must know what our employees really want from their jobs. Only then can we appeal to their strongest motivations and increase the probability of meeting both professional and organizational goals†Show MoreRelatedPreparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level1193 Words   |  5 Pagescollege career, they have written many papers in their undergraduate studies, but writing papers at a graduate level differs from previous styles of writing. There are very distinct characteristics in graduate writing. 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DETROIT, MICHIGAN MARCH 22, 2015 Abstract This paper is comprised of information gathered in order establish and identify ethical boundaries and guidelines that are to be adhered by this counselor. This study also includes information that is needed to obtain necessary licensing and training to ensure proper pastoral care training is received. The importance of this is critical inRead MoreNicholas Carrs In the Shallows 1080 Words   |  5 Pagesadvances we have made with it. His main focus is on the internet which he commonly refers to as the â€Å"universal medium† (92). Carr presents a very detailed but biased argument in which he views the internet and other technologies as the adversary of critical thinking and progress. To Carr, we are sacrificing our ability to think logically because we are choosing the simpler way to gain knowledge. Carr mentions the affect that technology has on the neurological processes of the brain. Plasticity is described

The Feminist Movement Of Bram Stoker s Dracula - 1379 Words

In Victorian England, the feminist movement began to rise at an almost exponential rate. Women started to have their voices heard and even had many of their causes argued for by some men. Among these men was a lecturer by the name of Bram Stoker. Stoker spent years lecturing on and arguing for feminist causes at the Philosophical Society. That is until the â€Å"New Woman† came about. The New Woman was considered to be a new breed of woman, one that was almost inhuman or mutated, hence the name. They believed in sexual freedom, the blurring of the distinction between the genders, and their right to choose their path of life even when it went against what a man wished. Stoker then claimed that these ideals were wrong and stated it very clearly†¦show more content†¦From what is demonstrated in Dracula, Stoker clearly also believes that sexuality in a woman would additionally lead to the downfall of men along with its immorality. Scenes such as when Jonathan is with the female vampires in Dracula’s castle represent a very literal incarnation of this belief. Jonathan is awake when he hears the women vampires talk of taking him and taking his â€Å"kisses†. This causes Jonathan to be very aroused and he anticipated what the vampires were going to do to him. Jonathan does nothing to get out of the situation he was in despite the danger of it. He simply â€Å"closed [his] eyes in ecstacy and waited† (Stoker, 43) If Dracula had not interrupted, the women would have taken advantage of Jonathan and he would have either died or become a vampire. This alternate possible ending to the scene would have mirrored Stoker’s contraction of syphilis, which would have happened around the time of his writing Dracula. At this time, Stoker had not had sexual interactions with his wife for at least twenty, therefore, if one can assume his heterosexuality, he would have contracted syphilis from some other woman who was â€Å"sexually freeâ₠¬  and had seduced him into bed with her. This clear parallel was Stoker’s way of warning men against the evil of a sexually free woman. Stoker would not have wanted to advocate a cause which would allow more evil women to

Wear Leveling as It Relates to USB and SSD Devices Essay

Essays on Wear Leveling as It Relates to USB and SSD Devices Essay The paper "Wear Leveling as It Relates to USB and SSD Devices" is an amazing example of an essay on information technology. Wear Leveling is a processing technique implemented in a processing unit to restore and manage erasable space in storage media of a computer system. It basically enhances the quality of services for SSDs, USB drives with respect to flash memory. However, this technique is used in diverse ways according to the requirement and levels of flash memory and to improve its durability with respect to the memory space in the unit. It prolongs the service life of memory drives and caters to storage issues of temporary memory (Compardo et al, 2014, 309). SSDs and USB have integral flash memories, which can exhaust if the temporal data is written multiple times. Wear leveling technique enables uniform distribution of data writing transversely on other storage media in the system as well, so to prevent data writing in the same place and multiple times. However, Wear leveling always affects secure-erase-programs, as it permanently deletes and modifies data on storage devices.   Likewise, SSD is fundamentally different from HDD in its structure and functions. It is motionless, can be accessed in less time and has firm resistance against jolt and vibration. However, techniques like wear leveling impact on forensic analysis of SSDs. As integrally SSD is programmed by wear leveling technique to delete all the temporary data. This makes it impossible to retain deleted data by the digital forensics, whether the memory drive was imaged or write-blocked. Secondly, SSD has this peculiar characteristic to modify its data automatically after it has been imaged, which inaugurates hash value inconsistencies and also becomes a cause of the corruption of data. Finally, encoded or encrypted SSD will never allow digital forensics to obtain any significant or meaningful data in the first place (Shimeal Spring, 2014).

Tupac Shakurs The Rose free essay sample

The Rose That Grew from Concrete, a collection of poems written by Outpace Shaker, Incorporates many different poems with many different topics and subjects. These Include love, death, dedication poems, and even governmental topics. There are many appealing poems throughout the collection, but I have a personal selection of poems that are my favorites. My favorite poem is Only 4 the Righteous, which is a poem which uses certain words that are informal, but Outpace explains them with a more personal meaning.For example, Lyrics full of knowledge truth and understanding/ Hobbies rapping is my only recreation/ retire u must be on some kind of medication/ why because Ill never loosen up my mimic grip (lines 6-9). It is my favorite poem because it helps to display his talent that is often overlooked by contemporary America. Also, my other favorite poems include The Rose That Grew from Concrete, which Is an autobiographical poem, If There Be Papal, and How Can We Be Free. We will write a custom essay sample on Tupac Shakurs The Rose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Rose That Grew from Concrete Is one of my favorite poems because Outpace, In the poem, categorizes his life as a rose that rose from the concrete. This Is symbolic to living In poverty. Like the rose, Outpace had to struggle to survive. TLD u hear about the rose that grew from a crack/ In the concrete/ Proving natures laws wrong it learned to walk/ without having feet (p 3. Lines 1-4). If There Be Pain is a poem that was written to appeal to the emotions, and I like this poem because of personal reasons.If there be pain,] all u need to do/ is call on me 2 be with u. How Can We Be Free is a poem that is written in a sense of rhetoric to all African Americans. It is meant to Jog the mind and provide thought to why we always feel oppressed. There arent any poems that are unappealing to any way. I love Outpace as an artist, musician, and a poet. I can relate to a lot of his poems and they tend to appeal to the emotions. I would recommend this book to anyone who Is a fan of poetry with a diverse selection of topics and subjects.

An Ethical Review Example

An Ethical Review Example An Ethical Review – Coursework Example An Ethical Review al Affiliation Elbogen & Johnson (2009) carried out a research to determine the relationship between mental illness and violence in different settings. In order to meet the objectives of the study, the researchers used longitudinal data from a sample population in the United States of America. Some of the conditions that were considered as mental illnesses included schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. The study utilized a sample population of 43653 people. From the data collected, it was concluded that there was no directs relationship been mental illness and violent behavior.If I were to work with the population that was used in Elbogen & Johnson (2009), I would prepare myself for the study by doing a background study on the sample population. By doing a background check, I will be able to understand the characteristics associated with the members of this particular sample group. Moreover, the background study helps in determining the various ethical iss ues which may arise in the course of the study (Kimmel, 2009). In the study conducted by Elbogen & Johnson (2009), there was no deception used since the data was collected from people who were willing take part in the study. The analysis and discussion were also done on the basis of the collected data. The use of any form of deception would have compromised the validity of the findings. If the study was to be conducted again, the participants can be protected by fully making them aware of the objectives of the research and ensuring that their responses are kept private. One major ethical issue that normally arises in the cause of a study is the privacy of the data collected. Some participants do not give valid and honest responses out of the fear that the information may end up in the wrong hands. By assuring them about their privacy, this issue can be effectively handled (Kimmel, 2009).ReferencesElbogen, E. B, Johnson, S.C. (2009). The intricate link between violence and mental dis order: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(2), 152-161.Kimmel, A. (2009). Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research: Basic and Applied Perspectives. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Profile of Camarasaurus

Profile of Camarasaurus True heavyweights like Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus get all the press, but pound for pound, the most common sauropod of late Jurassic North America was Camarasaurus. This medium-sized plant-eater, which weighed only about 20 tons (compared to near 100 tons for the largest sauropods and titanosaurs), is believed to have roamed the western plains in sizable herds, and its juveniles, aged and ailing were probably a prime source of food for the hungry theropods of its day (the most likely antagonist being Allosaurus). Name: Camarasaurus (Greek for chambered lizard); pronounced cam-AH-rah-SORE-us Habitat: Plains of North America Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150-145 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 60 feet long and 20 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Large, boxy skull; hollow vertebrae; single claw on front feet Paleontologists believe that Camarasaurus subsisted on more challenging fare than its larger sauropod cousins since its teeth were adapted to slicing and shredding especially tough vegetation. Like other plant-eating dinosaurs, Camarasaurus may also have swallowed small stonescalled gastrolithsto help grind down food in its massive gut, though direct evidence for this is lacking. (By the way, this dinosaurs name, Greek for chambered lizard, refers not to the stomach of Camarasaurus but to its head, which contained numerous large openings that probably served some kind of cooling function.) Does the unusual prevalence of Camarasaurus specimens (especially in the stretch of the Morrison Formation spanning Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah) mean that this sauropod vastly outnumbered its more famous relatives? Not necessarily: for one thing, just because a given dinosaur happens to persist in the fossil record speaks more about the vagaries of the preservation process than the size of its population. On the other hand, it only makes sense that the western U.S. could support a larger population of medium-sized sauropods, compared to smaller herds of 50- and 75-ton behemoths, so Camarasaurus may well have outnumbered the likes Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. The first fossil specimens of Camarasaurus were discovered in Colorado, in 1877, and quickly purchased by the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope (who was probably afraid that his arch-rival Othniel C. Marsh would beat him to the prize). It was Cope who had the honor of naming Camarasaurus, but that didnt prevent Marsh from bestowing the genus name Morosaurus on some very similar specimens he discovered later (and which turned out to be synonymous with the already-named Camarasaurus, which is why you wont find Morosaurus on any modern lists of dinosaurs). Interestingly, the profusion of Camarasaurus fossils has allowed paleontologists to investigate this dinosaurs pathologythe various diseases, ailments, wounds and contusions that all dinosaurs suffered at one time or another during the Mesozoic Era. For example, one pelvic bone bears evidence of an Allosaurus bite mark (its not known whether or not this individual survived this attack), and another fossil shows possible signs of arthritis (which may or may not, as in human beings, have been an indication that this dinosaur reached old age).

English 102 the family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

English 102 the family - Essay Example Rosaldo and Sylvia Yanagisako, who quite persuasively argue that the family is not â€Å"a universal human institution† (p. 1). As controversial as this argument sounds, one finds support from it in Diane Ackerman’s A Natural History of Love and Sara Ruddick’s â€Å"Thinking About the Father.† Both scientific and anthropological perspectives on the concept of the family invalidate earlier understandings of the concept and establish that the family is not a universal phenomenon and even where and when it exists in its traditional form, reflects the human desire for familiar patterns. The famed social anthropologists, Bronislaw Malinowski is responsible for the now popular misconception of the family as a universal phenomenon. As Collier, Rosaldo and Yanagisako argue, before Malinowski’s research and writings on the concept of the family, anthropologists believed that it was a culture-specific phenomenon, not a universal one (p. 1). Malinowski’s argument, which was based on his observations of the behaviour of Australian Aborigines, was based on the notion that sexual behavior was a determinant of the presence, or absence, of family. As he noted, insofar as Australian Aborigines only acknowledged one husband for any female and assumed that the husband was also the father, they acknowledged the phenomenon of the family (pp. 2-3). While he acknowledged the presence of sexual promiscuity among primitive groups such as the Aborigines and admitted that they engaged in orgies, he still argued that they recognized family units because, even in orgies, wome n were only allowed a specific sexual partner – their legally or socially recognized mate/husband (Collier, Rosaldo and Yanagisako, pp. 2-3). According to this argument, therefore, sexual behaviour was controlled in order to preserve the family unit and to ensure its survival. The family unit was preserved and protected by the

Common law Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Common law Degree - Essay Example About the mother who suffered distress, anxiety and nervous shock resultant of the straying of the children onto an unfinished landscaping project, the direct link or chain of causation element is likewise in attendance. However, the emotional impact may not be fully appreciated by the court as it could possibly be an unusual and unnatural over-reaction. Again, this can be a mitigating circumstance. d-2. Remoteness of damage. It is an element where the damage or loss must be determined as the proximate result of the negligence or quasi-delict. In the elderly/disabled customer, this cannot be made a consideration as the slippage was in truth and in fact the direct result of the unsafe pathway or of the lack of personnel in the center to have provided assistance along the passage. However, for the mother who was shocked, this may be a consideration, but one of mitigation. Why Because if her having been annoyed or distressed or disturbed is in such a level as will render a judgment from an unbiased mind that it is too much more than an ordinary or usual reaction from a human emotion. It is like saying that it is a remote possibility that the shock which the mother experienced would be in that proportion as to become one of a nervous wreckage. d-3. Foreseeability. ... The centre is liable for the elderly/disabled guest who slipped while passing the unsafe pathway. Although Rareplants exercised the diligence required of a good father of a family, it could have done better like providing escort or ushering assistance to the special customers who are handicapped. In sum, the centre was in a position to foresee that the slipping off track could happen to a visitor who has disabilities or limitations. In the incident of the children having gone astray, Rareplants has to be adjudged answerable because it was in the position to foresee that some classes of visitors like adventurous children would explore the supposedly prohibited area and could have designated guards or watchmen for the purpose of avoiding any unfortunate happening. ABC Accountants Ltd c. Yes. There is a special relationship between you and Lucy. Any advice from a professional, even if not express or formal or written, is binding even if there is a proviso of non-accountability. The characteristic of that relationship which is not express or formal or written may be denominated as special in that it is not in the regular or standard form. As a matter of course, one that is not ordinary is special. In professional ethics, it does not matter whether the relationship is either. In the instant case and according to its underlying circumstances, however, you are not liable. Why Because your advice did not guarantee success in any given situation which was, as a matter of fact, subject to unpredictable variances and that if the client took it as a wagering decision, she did so at her own risk. In contrast, an engineer who advises this and

Predisposing Factors For Urinary Tract Infections

Predisposing Factors For Urinary Tract Infections The important predisposing factors for urinary infections in females are age, sex, pregnancy, sexual intercourse, menopause, use of birth control devices, catheterization, surgery, diabetes, use of calcium supplements, immunosupperession, renal transplantation and spinal cord injury. Besides, UTI is also the most frequent medical complication in patients with neurologic bladder dysfunction leading to high morbidity, poor quality of life and limited life expectancy. Moreover, severe protein malnutrition, poor fluid intake, and poor hygiene resulting in decrease immunity are also associated with urinary tract infections. A number of predisposing factors render individuals susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Any obstruction in normal urine flow or complete emptying of bladder facilitates the access of organisms to the bladder and, in turn, predisposes an individual to infection (Jackson et al., 2000). There are numerous possible structural abnormalities of urinary tract that are associated with a residual urine which increases the chances of infection and may become associated with repeated attacks of UTI. Some of these are renal calculi, tumors, and urethral stricture. All these factors cause obstruction to complete emptying of bladder (Shanson and Speller, 1999). Approximately 15% of the urinary stones diseases are infectious stones. These stones are composed of struvite and/or carbonate apatite. UTI caused by urease positive organisms is also a risk factor for the formation of infectious stones. If these infections are not treated and the stones are not removed, the kidney is damaged (B ichler et al., 2002). Some important predisposing factors for urinary tract infections are: 1. SEX An important predisposing factor for UTI is the sex of patient. It is evident from substantial research that UTIs are more common in females as compared to males (Mohsin and Siddiqui, 2010; Dielubanza and Schaeffer, 2011). Most infections in women are uncomplicated, whereas in men complicated infections predominate (Carlson and Mulley, 1985). Women are especially prone to UTIs probably because of the shortness of urethra and closeness of urethra to opening of genital and intestinal tract (Nester et al., 2004). The shorter length of the female urethra allows uropathogens easier access to the bladder. Men are less prone to get UTI, possibly because of their longer urethra and the presence of antimicrobial substances in the prostatic fluid (Schaechter et al., 1993). The relation of sex and incidence of UTI has been confirmed by the study of Laupland et al., (2007). Laupland et al., (2007) reported community onset of UTI among Canadian residents with the annual incidence of 1.75% and fem ales were at significantly increased risk as compared to males (3% vs. 0.5%, RR 5.98; 95% CI, 5.81-6.15; P 2. AGE The incidence of UTIs in women tends to increase with increasing age. Symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs are extremely common in the elderly population. The prevalence of bacteriuria in women is about 20% between ages 65 and 75, increasing to between 20-25% over the age of 80 years (Gray and Malone-Lee, 1995). Whereas, a significant number of infections occur in men only after the age of 50 years when prostatic hypertrophy or other urinary tract abnormalities occur. UTI in young men is unusual and requires further investigations (Shanson and Speller, 1999). The prevalence in men is 3% at age 65-70 years and about 20% at ages over 80 years (Gray and Malone-Lee, 1995). The geriatric (elderly) community is frequently affected by UTIs but these infections are usually asymptomatic. Approximately 25% of all infections in elderly are UTIs (Foxman, 2002). In a study (Buonanno and Damweber, 2006), it was documented that 50% of elderly women are affected by asymptomatic UTI. In many cases bladd er catheterization is a contributing factor and causes increasing incidence of UTIs in elderly population. In another study (Rodhe et al., 2006), it was reported that asymptomatic UTI was found in 14.8% of the overall individuals of  ³ 80 years of age. Of these, 19% were women and 5.8% were men. A woman over 80 years with urinary incontinence and needing support to walk has 50% risk of asymptomatic UTI. The majority of symptomatic urinary tract infections occur in women after the age of 50 years (Shanson and Speller, 1999). In a study (Menon et al., 1995), prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was evaluated in women between 57-97 years of age. It was found that symptomatic UTI occurred in 54% women and asymptomatic UTI occurred in 10% women. From these results it was concluded that asymptomatic UTI was common in elderly women while only a small percentage of women have symptomatic UTI. In another study, an increased prevalence of UTI among women aged 18-30 years was found associated with sexual intercourse and pregnancy (Cunha et al., 2007). It has been reported that complicated UTIs were found most frequent among females aged between 40-59 years, while, in other age groups, uncomplicated UTIs were most frequent. It has also been noted that the isolation frequency of E. coli gradually decreases with increasing age with both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs (Kumamoto et al., 2001). UTIs are generally asymptomatic among apparently healthy, sexually active young women. In contrast, UTIs are more complicated among elderly individuals, infants and young children. UTI in children younger than 2 years has been associated with significant morbidity and long term medical consequences (Shortliffe, 2003). Winiecka et al., (2002) evaluated the bladder instability in children with recurrent UTIs. It was found that the most common disturbance of lower urinary tract functioning in the children with recurrent UTI was instability of the dtrusor muscles which occurred more often in children with vesicoureteral reflux. The incidence of nosocomial UTIs has been found to be higher in age group of 53.6  ± 20 years than the patients in age group of 39.7  ± 22.2 years. However, all the UTIs are usually asymptomatic and develop in catheterized individuals (Parlak et al., 2007). In contrast, Vessey et al. (1987) observed that the risk of UTI decreases with age. 3. SEXUAL ACTIVITY Another predisposing factor, sexual intercourse, is also a common cause of UTIs among women because during sexual intercourse bacteria in the vaginal area could be messaged into the urethra. This problem can be avoided by urinating after sexual intercourse (Cornforth, 2002). Women who change sexual partners or have sexual intercourse more frequently may experience more frequent bladder infections (Kontiokari et al., 2003). In a study (Scholes et al., 2000), independent risk factors for recurrent UTI in young women included recent one month intercourse frequency (odds ratio (OR), 5.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.1-10.6 for 4-8 episodes), 12 month spermicide use (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9), and new sex partner changing the past year (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2). 4. USE OF BIRTH CONTROL DEVICES Several studies have shown that women who use a diaphragm are more likely to develop UTIs than women who use other forms of birth control (Strom et al., 1987). More recently, investigators have demonstrated that women whose life partners use a condom with spermicidal foam also tend to have growth of E.coli in the vagina (Jancel and Dudas, 2002). Women with UTI are 2.7 times more likely to be current user of intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD)/condoms (95% CI, 1.3-5.6) and 1.6 times more likely to be housewives by occupation (95% CI, 1.0-3.0) as compared to women who did not have UTI. UTI among IUCD/condom users may reflect existence of unhygienic conditions during application of procedure or spread of infection by the thread of IUCD. UTI in these women may have serious consequences of developing renal damage (Bhurt et al., 2000). 5. PREGNANCY Pregnancy also acts as a risk factor for UTI as it causes anatomic and hormonal changes which favour development of UTI (Schlembach, 2006; Marinade et al., 2009). A history of current UTI, diabetes mellitus, analgestic nephropathy, hyperuricaemia and Fanconis syndrome are predisposing factors for UTI during pregnancy (Krcmery et al., 2001). Dietary habits seem to be an important risk factor for UTI recurrence in fertile women, and dietary guidance could be a first step towards prevention (Kontiokari et al., 2003). The physiological changes associated with pregnancy are the relaxation of ureter under the effect of hormones and increase urinary output. The chemical composition of urine is also affected and results in increased urinary substances e.g. glucose and amino acids, which may facilitate bacterial growth (Sheikh et al., 2000). The pregnant women with kidney infection have a greater chance of delivering their babies prematurely with low weight (Mittal and Wing, 2005). Sometimes, it results in fetal and maternal morbidity (Lamyman et al., 2005). Recently, the relationship of maternal UTIs in pregnancy with the rate of preterm birth was evaluated (Banhidy et al., 2007). It was found that of 38,151 newborn infants, 5.7% had mothers with UTIs with pregnancy. Women with pregnancy also had somewhat shorter gestational age and a higher proportion of preterm birth. This preterm inducing effect of maternal UTI was preventable by antimicrobial therapy. In this connection, Hazir (2007) evaluated the frequency of asymptomatic UTI in pregnant women. Eleven hundred apparently healthy pregnant women were screened for significant bacteriuria. The prevalence of asymptomatic UTI was found to be 6.1%. However, asymptomatic UTI had no relationship with gestational age, parity, level of education, and body mass index. In a study (Al-Haddad, 2005) 500 pregnant women were screened for asymptomatic UTI in their first and second trimester. Out of them 8.4% were positive for cultur e. A control group of non-pregnant women was also screened for asymptomatic UTI. The control group yielded 3% positive cultures. The frequency of UTI in pregnant women was observed 30% of the women suffered from UTI. Of these infected women, 53.7% were in the age group of 15-24 years and 48.8% were in the third trimester. Primigravida had highest percent culture positivity i.e. 66.6%. The incidence was higher in less than 20 years of age group i.e. 71.42%. The incidence of prematurity was 75% and that of low birth weight was 50% in untreated patients (Lavanya and Jogalakshmi, 2002). In a study (Hanif, 2006), it was observed that out of 1000 pregnant women, 42.6% complained one or more symptoms of UTI. The urine culture of symptomatic patients showed growth in only 8.69% cases. In another study carried out by Nath et al. (1996), 542 women were screened for UTI. Out of them, 9.04% had UTI. Of these, 35% had asymptomatic while remaining 65% had symptomatic UTI. Age-wise incidence of UTI in pregnancy was observed in the age groups of 0.05 by  Ã‚ £2 test) (Khattak et al., 2006). Incidence of UTI during pregnancy among Pakistani women, was slightly low in pregnant women (28.5%) as compared to non-pregnant control subjects (30%). However, the difference was not significant. Symptomatic UTI was found in 22.4% pregnant and 20.0% non-pregnant subjects (Sheikh et al., 2000). In a study conducted in Peshawar, Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2003) the prevalence of UTI was 29.57% in pregnant while 14% in non-pregnant control subjects. In another study performed in Pakistan, 130 muslim women of child bearing age attending the outpatients clinic were interviewed in order to determine the frequency of cystitis and its associated risk factors including personal hygiene practices. Of these, 27% of the women experienced cystitis once in the past. About 63% women reported first UTI during pregnancy. A significant relationship was observed between parity and cystitis (P During pregnancy symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI can trigger the development of serious complications affecting both the mother and the fetus. Thus, proper screening and treatment of bacteriuria is necessary to prevent complications during pregnancy. All women should be screened for bacteriuria in the first trimester. Women with a history of recurrent UTIs or urinary tract abnormalities should have repeated screening for bacteriuria during pregnancy (Macejko and Schaeffer, 2007). 6. MENOPAUSE Postmenopausal women are also susceptible to UTI due to lack of estrogen which plays important role in pathogenesis (Hu et al., 2004). The protective effect of estrogen replacement on ascending UTI is controversial. A study was designed using an experimental model of UTI. In that study surgically menopausal mice were supplemented with estrogen and the susceptibility of UTI was evaluated after experimental E. coli infection. Surprisingly, despite the hypothesis that estrogen would protect mice from infection, estrogen treatment significantly increased the susceptibility of the mice to ascending UTI (Curran et al., 2007). In postmenopausal women, sexual activity, history of UTI, treated diabetes and urinary incontinence are associated with a high risk of UTI. However, therapeutic role of oral estrogen remains uncertain. For instance, in a study (Hu et al., 2004) which included the postmenopausal women aged between 55 and 75 years, development of UTI was noted in sexually active postmenopausal women (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.87), with a history of UTI (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 3.25-5.43), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.78-4.35) and urinary incontinence (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.03-1.78). 7. CATHETERIZATION Another common source of infection is catheter or tube placed in the bladder (Ribby, 2006; Warde, 2010). The use of vesical catheter over 5 days is the cause of UTI. Bacteria on the outside of the catheter can climb up the device into the bladder and cause infection (Pawelczyk et al., 2002). Infection associated with an indwelling catheter is a representative type of biofilm infection occuring in the urinary tract (Evans et al., 2001). More than 90% of UTI in catheterized individuals are asymptomatic. These infections are rarely symptomatic and infrequently cause blood stream infection. (Tambyah and Maki, 2000). Catheter associated UTI accounts for 40% of all nosocomial infections and are the most common source of Gram negative bacteremia in hospitalized patients. The risk of bacteriuria is approximately 5% per day in 10-20% of hospitalized patients who receive an indwelling foley catheter. With long term catheterization, bacteriuria is inevitable (Warren et al., 1997). For example, the impact of urinary catheterization on 294 elderly (>65 years) inpatients with community acquired UTIs was studied (Kang et al., 2007). Of 294, 144 subjects had urinary catheterization. Patients with urinary catheterization were found with significantly more advanced age, female predominance, frequent admission in hospital, longer hospital stay and higher pathogen isolation after culture than subjects without urinary catheterization (P 8. DIABETES It is evident from literature that diabetic subjects are also at high risk of UTIs. For instance, in a study (Goswami et al., 2001; Litza and Brill, 2010), the prevalence of UTI in diabetic subjects were found to be higher when compared with non-diabetic subjects (9% vs. 0.78%, P= 0.05). Symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs occur more frequently in women with diabetes mellitus than women without diabetes mellitus (Daneshgari and Mooree, 2006). Women with diabetes who requires pharmacological treatment have approximately twice as high risk of cystitis as non-diabetic women (Boyko et al., 2002) because of the changes in the immune system secondary to the high sugar concentration (Geerlings et al., 2002). However, gestational diabetes mellitus was not associated with increased risk of UTIs (Rizk et al., 2001). Although asymptomatic bacteriuria is not associated with serious health outcomes in healthy persons, further research needs to be undertaken regarding the impact of asymptomatic bact eriuria in patients with diabetes (Geerlings et al., 2002). In another study, Geerlings et al. (2000) evaluated the characteristics associated with the development of UTI among diabetic subjects. It was found that 14% women with type 1 diabetes developed a symptomatic UTI. The most important risk factor for those women was sexual intercourse during the week before entry into the study (44% without vs. 53% with sexual intercourse). A total of 23% women with type 2 diabetes developed symptomatic UTI. The most important risk factor for those women was the presence of asymptomatic UTI at baseline (25% without vs. 42% with asymptomatic UTI). The risk of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs among diabetic and non-diabetic postmenopausal women was studied by Boyko et al. (2005). The incidences of symptomatic UTI in diabetic and non-diabetic women were recorded as 12.2% and 6.7% respectively. Whereas, the incidence of asymptomatic UTI was 6.7% for diabetic women and 3% for non-diabetic women. It was concluded that the increased UTI risk occurred mainly in diabetic women taking insulin and women with a longer diabetic duration (> 10 years) compared with non-diabetic women. 9. BLOOD TYPES In addition to above mentioned predisposing factors, the literature has also documented that women with UTIs tend to have certain blood types (Jackson et al., 2000). The presence or absence of blood group determinants on the surface of uroepithelial cells may influence an individuals susceptibility to UTIs. (Schaeffer et al., 2001). Such as, as cited by Kinane et al. (1982), the blood groups AB or B, constitute independent risk factors in some but not all studies. Recently, Sakallioglu and Sakallioglu (2007) found the concordance of UTI with blood group A Rh positive. Infectious microorganisms interfere with specific molecules on epithelial cells. These specific molecules are antigens of the P and ABO system. Antigen structures on uroepithelial cells, for example, the glycolipids of the P antigen serves as receptors for adhesion of microorganisms. The proportion of persons with B phenotype was 23% and P1 antigen was found in 76% of patients suffering from chronic UTIs. In comparison with P1 negative individuals, P1 positive individuals has a longer disease history and more frequently suffered from symptomatic UTI as well as destructive renal changes. The Le (a) antigen and Le (b) antigen (Lewis phenotypes) were observed in 82% and 18% of the patients respectively (Ziegler et al., 2004). 10. USE OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS The use of calcium supplements also increases the risk of UTI, since calcium ions significantly increase bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells. Apicella and Sobota, (1990) demonstrated in vitro that as the concentration of calcium was increased to levels higher than normally found in the urine, there was a significant increase in bacterial adherence. It was also found that if the diet was supplemented with calcium there was an increase in the excretion of calcium in the urine and a corresponding increase in bacterial adherence when bacteria and uroepithelial cells were incubated in this urine. 11. SURGERY Any surgery on the urinary tract increases the chances of UTI. Urological complications after renal transplantation are also frequently associated with UTIs (Senger et al., 2007). UTI is also the most common bacterial infection occurring in the renal transplant recipients, particularly anatomic abnormalities of the native or transplanted kidneys and possible rejection and immunosupperession. The major risk factors for UTI in renal transplant recipients include indwelling bladder catheters, trauma to the kidney and ureter during surgery (Rubin, 1993; Wilson et al., 2005). Steroids or cytotoxic drugs, as given to renal transplant recipients, greatly increase the chances of recurrent UTIs and infections of kidney in the first few months of post-transplant (Shanson and Speller, 1999). In a study (Senger et al., 2007) it was observed that 13.3% episodes of UTI occurred in the first month to sixth month and 72% after the sixth month of transplantation. The most commonly isolated organism w as E. coli (61.3%). 12. DIET Frequent meat consumption appeared to be the predisposing factor for UTI. UTI were found significantly more common among the people consuming meat more frequently than once a week but not daily (Nayak et al., 1999). 13. AIDS CANCER Certain diseases also predispose UTIs e.g. HIV patients are susceptible to acquire UTI (Padoveze et al., 2002). Schonwald et al. (1999) performed a study to determine the relationship of UTI with AIDS. The analysis showed that patients with HIV had UTI more frequently than control (HIV negative) patients. Beside the difference in the frequency, it was also observed that Enterococci were the frequent isolates in patients with HIV disease, whereas, E. coli was most frequently isolated organism from control subjects. Cancer patients are also at high risk of UTI (Gerberding, 2002). In a study Munyis et al. (1998) determined the prevalence of UTI in children with cancer. The prevalence of UTI was 8.1% (CI = 6.1, 10.1). Out of 15, only 5 patients were symptomatic while remaining 10 were asymptomatic. E. coli and Klebsiella species were responsible for 93.4% of the infections.

Art and Nature in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

     Ã‚   Shakespeare is one of the greatest artists the human race has ever produced.   In the Tempest, he decides to determine which is more powerful – art or nature?   He symbolizes art through civilization and nature through man and his natural place on Earth.   Through the plot, Shakespeare reveals his own beliefs concerning which force is greater.   The Tempest shows the respectable differences between art and nature, but eventually concedes that art is weaker and must bend itself to nature. In The Tempest, Shakespeare’s Prospero has gotten himself into trouble by entertaining an insatiable thirst for knowledge.   Prospero’s downfall was brought about because he valued knowledge and art over pure power.   Through Prospero, Shakespeare questions the validity of man’s quest for art and beauty.   However, the question is resolved in the end of the play when Prospero once again becomes a Duke, doing so through art.   In this, Shakespeare shows that art is in fact useful.   In the beginning, art is questioned, but in the end it proves to be Prospero’s most powerful saving grace, all the while ultimately bowing to nature.   Shakespeare presents the influences of both nature and art throughout the play, ultimately with nature prevailing.   The tempest he creates in the first act, the anchor that sets into motion the events of the play, is wholly dependent on nature's own capacities.   Ariel stirs up the winds and sea to fr... ...ween nature and art.   He is careful not to dismiss art as unworthy simply by being the weaker force, but rather regards it as a unique force that must succumb to that which is superior. Shakespeare's stance on the subject of art versus nature is aesthetic, allowing both forces to compete equally, yet ending with the ultimate success of nature.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Meller, A., Moon, G.T. Literary Shakespeare Sydney: Canon Publications 1993. Lecture on "The Tempest" C. Holmes 1988. Shakespeare, W. The Tempest. Ed. Sutherland, J.R. 1990. Mikhail M. Morozor, The Individualization of Shakespeare's Characters through Imagery", Shakespeare Survey. 1989. "Tempest & Court Masques" By H. C. Sherwood

Presidential Scholars Essay Essay

The creative work the best illustrates the way I see the world and the way I see myself in the world is the Charles Dicken’s novel, Great Expectations. Basically, the novel revolves around a boy named Philip Pirip or â€Å"Pip,† and his many struggles to achieve his goals. Pip’s main goal is to become a wealthy gentleman someday in order to marry the woman of his dreams, Estella, which he accomplished in the novel. However, in order to achieve his goal, Pip had to go overcome a lot of obstacles and face a lot of adversities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story, it was shown that Pip was a very generous and kind-hearted young man. However, the best and possibly the worst aspect about him is his overly-ambitious attitude. Although Pip’s good-natured personality and pure innocence enabled him to accomplish his dream of becoming a wealthy gentleman, he realized that his position in society is the not the most important aspect about any person. In the end, although he lost his wealth, he was able to marry Estella, and live a happy life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, the novel shows my belief that while anything can be achieved if one works hard for it, it also important to know one’s place in the world and remain humble. In other words, like in the novel, I believe that in this world, it is more important for me to possess moral values and be happy and content with my life than simply be rich. Moreover, the story also shared my belief that it is equally important to not expect too much from anything, which is what Pip failed to do, as you may end up disappointed. More importantly, however, the novel also corresponds with my perception which is to never be too ambitious on anything in this world as it may mislead one’s life. Furthermore, the story also showed how I see myself in the world. Like Pip, I believe that I am also a good natured and kind-hearted person who can achieve anything if I work hard for it. However, I must always remember not to commit the same mistake the Pip did, which is to become overly-ambitious, in order for me to reach my dreams. Presidential Scholars essay: The teacher who has influenced me the most   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In school, the person who made the most impact on my life was my Italian teacher, Mrs. Elliott. Basically, Mrs. Elliott has not only sparked my interest in the Italian language and other languages, but she has taught me and my fellow students the value of investing in knowledge, which she believes would greatly help us in our future careers. She is also a highly competent teacher who always makes sure that we learn new things after each of our classes with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She has also shared with us a lot of information about the Italian culture and lifestyle, among others. Although she is a bit demanding in her classes, I know that she only wants us to learn and grow. However, what I like best about Mrs. Elliott is her unwavering passion for teaching. She always teaches enthusiastically and eagerly, which is why all the students listen attentively and never get bored in her class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, she is also a very approachable person outside the classroom. Students would never hesitate to go to her when they have concerns about anything. Whether it’s about school or family, Mrs. Elliott would always be there to guide us and give us advice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, she has also taught us valuable lessons and values in life such as patience, understanding, integrity, honesty, commitment, and dedication, which we would all be able to apply throughout the rest of our lives. She also told us to always remember the lessons we learned so we could pass them on to our future children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, Mrs. Elliot has not only imparted to us the necessary knowledge that we would need as we seek higher education, but she has also taught us valuable lessons that cannot simply be learned in a classroom. No doubt, she is one of the people whom I would never forget and whom I would always honor for the rest of my life

Pope Innocent IIIs Great Impact on Medieval Society Essay...

Pope Innocent III began a sequence of changes that influenced the face of secular and ecclesiastical Europe through careful use of law and political manipulation. It has been remarked that the papacy acquired and retained the most power under the leadership of Pope Innocent III during the late 12th and early 13th centuries. I plan to examine sources primarily pertaining to the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and secondly to a collection of Innocent III’s papal letters. In my analysis, I hope to draw a correlation between Innocent IIIs actions and these actions influence on medieval society and why this period is considered to be the height of papal power since its inception. The Fourth Lateran Council demonstrated Innocent IIIs great†¦show more content†¦The letter then ends with a great inspirational message, a message that conveys the desire of the pope to fix what needs to be fixed. The letter also gives the authoritative sense that the changes will be hard but they must happen. In just one letter Pope Innocent III has asserted his sphere of influence over Europe and its people. No one shall plead as an excuse difficulties of the journey or obstacles of strife... No one shall plead excuses, that is, not the archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors or representatives of royalty through out the continent. Innocent III had essentially put out a summons and like a lord sending summons to his vassal, left people with only one option in how to answer the summon. Hundreds of clergy and representatives of many of the great leaders of Europe answered Innocent IIIs summons and attended the Fourth Lateran Council . Innocent put to work his knowledge of law to begin implementing changes that would shape Europe from then on. Canon 13 produced at the great council states that we strictly forbid anyone in the future to found a new order, but whoever should wish to enter an order, let him choose one already approved. Unlike the great emperors of Rome, who had c ontinuously looked farther and hungered for more which had eventually led them to being unable to control and maintain that which their greed had brought them. Innocent and the council believed it would be better for the church to solidify the holdings that